Industrial Utility Efficiency

### Audit Shows Significant Centrifugal Air Compressor Blow-off

The first step toward achieving plant goals involved a comprehensive audit of the compressed air system by iZ Systems in partnership with ALD, Inc.

To conduct the audit, the team exported data from the plant’s SCADA monitoring system including motor amps, discharge pressure, inlet valve and the blow-off position of each air compressor to determine different operating profiles of the system.  In addition, pressure loggers were placed downstream of the air compressors and throughout the campus to monitor pressure fluctuations and to see how the air compressors responded to changes in demand.

The audit showed the seven 1,250 hp air compressors running on a simple local pressure control system. The controls were not capable of managing the inlet valves and blow off valves discreetly, which leads to PID hunt. As a result, the machines were blowing off a significant amount of compressed air in all operating conditions to protect from surging, which resulted in unloading and loss of plant pressure. Also discovered during the course of the audit were two unique demand periods:

• Normal demand: three air compressors are online and operating to maintain production pressure for approximately 5,200 hours per year.
• Low demand/weekends: three air compressors remain online, while not needed during low-demand periods for approximately 1,688 hours per year - in addition to handling a weekend load of 1,872 hours per year.

Based on data gathered during a two-week audit period, the team recommended the installation of an automated compressed air system control and monitoring solution, which sequences the operation of the air compressors to match actual demand.

The audit also showed the plant could reduce peak demand with equipment upgrades, which primarily consisted of a booster air compressor together with a larger receiver tank. The team also recommended the installation of VPInstruments’ VPFlowScope DP airflow meters in the discharge line of each air compressor for accurate airflow measurement and ongoing monitoring.

### Extensive Data Collection Required for Energy Rebate

Knowing the project qualified for a substantial utility rebate, the team submitted its audit report to the local utility for review. In addition to their approval process, the Utilities Commission reviewed the audit in parallel to validate the audit methods and energy savings calculations.

More than a year later, the utility approved the project rebate, but required the plant to first install the automated compressed air control system and record four weeks of additional baseline data to further validate the ability to achieve the projected energy savings. Utility commission officials were pleased the team planned to install new meters to gain an accurate comparison of airflow supplied to production versus using older airflow meters already installed on the plant’s compressed air distribution system.

Next, the team installed the iZ Systems Compressed Air Automation and Data Acquisition System at the plant. The technology communicates directly with each air compressor’s main panel and can also acquires data from the air compressor Modbus outputs, or any combination of external sensors for continuous monitoring of the entire compressed air system. The control system enables full control over all air compressors, which is key to optimization of compressed air supply to match the demand profile. The Automation Platform can also be accessed remotely to optimize the air compressor control sequence, if required.

Importantly, data secured using the new system over the four-week period further validated the potential energy savings.

### Improving Compressed Air System Responsiveness

Another key issue addressed at the plant was the existing compressed air system’s inability to effectively manage peak demand events. Specifically, a spike in air demand would cause a pressure drop because the centrifugal air compressors would ramp up too late. This happened because the peak events were too short for the machines to quickly react to increased demand. Further, the situation created a peak in pressure followed by air compressor blow-off.

To increase compressed air system response time, the team installed a booster air compressor together with a 17,500-gallon receiver tank capable of storing compressed air at 250 psi. Given that plant pressure is around 100 psi and tank pressure 250 psi – and the fact that air is stored off line – the storage tank differs from a normal storage tank connected to the main header at plant pressure.

By increasing the pressure in the storage tank, the capacity of the compressed air storage system is more than doubled. The upgraded system also includes the use of a crossover pressure flow control valve, which is controlled by iZ Systems’ automation platform. The valve releases air from the storage tank into the main supply line when peak demand occurs. In so doing, the plant only needs to run two or three air compressors rather than four units to meet peak demand for air.

This upgraded system also virtually eliminates blow off from the centrifugal air compressors. In the event of an air compressor failure, the offline boosted storage system provides peak demand flow for over 10 minutes, which gives the automation platform enough time to automatically bring a backup unit online without interruption to plant production.

### Differential Airflow Meters Track Machine Efficiency

Another key aspect of the upgraded compressed air system is the ability to continuously monitor and adjust the system as air demand changes for any number of reasons, such as when the maintenance staff repairs air leaks. Ongoing monitoring of demand in airflow also allows decisions to be made regarding changes to the air compressor control algorithm for system optimization.

At the plant, each air compressor is fitted with differential pressure airflow meters, VPFlowScope DP, to measure bi-directional airflow, pressure and temperature. The plant, which appreciated the ease of installation of the new airflow meters, can now track the efficiency of each machine. If issues are detected, such as clogged inlet filters or reverse flow, plant staff can take immediate action and avoid wasted energy and associated costs.  The plant can also detect when a non-return valve in the air compressor is leaking to prevent reverse flow.

In addition, the maintenance team uses a clamp-on ultrasonic transit time flow meter to regularly check the cooling water supply to each air compressor. Improper cooling can dramatically decrease the efficiency of the compressed air system.

### Energy Savings and Reliability Equal a Win

The automotive manufacturer initiated its compressed air system upgrade project shortly after utility approval of the audit in November 2018. Implementation of the compressed air automation and data acquisition platform in combination with the upgrades to the system reduces the facility’s annual energy consumption by 6,098,619 kWh per year, resulting in yearly savings of  \$600,000. With the utility incentive of \$369,374, the project delivered a simple payback of six months.

In addition to achieving the goal of energy efficiency, the project improved the reliability of the compressed air system since the plant needs to run one less centrifugal air compressor to meet peak demand, which means the same air compressor is free to serve as a backup unit. The offline boosted storage system also further enhances system reliability since it is designed to supply enough air to support the plant needs until the backup air compressor comes online to replace a failed air compressor.

Pascal van Putten is CEO and founder of VPInstruments and has 20 years of experience in flow measurement, compressed air monitoring and industrial energy management. Tyler Costa is Vice President of Operations, ALD, Inc. In the last 10 years he has competed hundreds of compressed air system audits for a wide range of industries.

VPInstruments offers industrial customers easy insight into energy flows. Founded in 1999, it provides complete solutions for monitoring compressed air flow, gas flow and electric energy consumption. Its products can be found all over the world and in a wide range of industrial markets, such as automotive, glass manufacturing, metal processing, food and beverage and consumer goods. For more information, visit www.vpinstruments.com.